By 1884, the entire country was under French rule, with the central and northern parts of Vietnam separated into the two protectorates of
Annam and
Tonkin. The three entities were formally integrated into the union of
French Indochina in 1887.
[91][92] The French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on Vietnamese society.
[93] A Western-style system of modern education introduced new
humanist values.
[94] Most French settlers in Indochina were concentrated in Cochinchina, particularly in
Saigon, and in
Hanoi, the colony's capital.
[95]
During the colonial period, guerrillas of the royalist
Cần Vương movement rebelled against French rule and massacred around a third of
Vietnam's Christian population.
[96][97] After a decade of resistance, they were defeated in the 1890s by the Catholics in reprisal for their earlier massacres.
[98][99] Another large-scale rebellion, the
Thái Nguyên uprising, was also suppressed heavily.
[100]