Oh my yes, you'd notice quite a difference with some modern equipment. I'd say - don't buy a new bike, buy a used carbon bike, old enough that it's for sale because the owner upgraded. 10-speed is probably the sweet spot. Buy a rear wheel with a wireless hub power meter on ebay if the bike doesn't already have one. Hub meters are for sale because so many people are going with crank and pedal PMs. For a head unit, get a Garmin 800 or 820, ebay again. I have 2 Garmin Edge devices I bought on ebay years ago, never a problem with them. You'll also need to upload your data to somewhere I use TrainingPeaks, premium subscription.
The tricky thing with buying a used bike is fit. You can use a bike fit calculator to get suitable frame dimensions and then refer to manufacturer's charts of their bike dimensions to see if a bike will work for you or not. You should be able to narrow the sizing thing down fairly quickly by researching a few candidate bikes. I'd want to have any used bike I was buying sight unseen inspected by the seller's bike shop.
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