Go Back  Bike Forums > Bike Forums > Road Cycling
Reload this Page >

Cyclist Average Speed Progression?

Notices
Road Cycling “It is by riding a bicycle that you learn the contours of a country best, since you have to sweat up the hills and coast down them. Thus you remember them as they actually are, while in a motor car only a high hill impresses you, and you have no such accurate remembrance of country you have driven through as you gain by riding a bicycle.” -- Ernest Hemingway

Cyclist Average Speed Progression?

Old 12-06-19, 01:51 PM
  #26  
Cypress
Globo Gym lifetime member
 
Cypress's Avatar
 
Join Date: Jan 2006
Location: Salem, Oregon
Posts: 5,204

Bikes: Fast ones

Mentioned: 11 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 410 Post(s)
Liked 614 Times in 306 Posts
Originally Posted by woodcraft
Even for estimated, that is impressive wattage down a 6% grade at that speed! Did you have that 70t chainring?
LOL. Who says 53x11 is dead???

In reality, I've got a heck of a good aero tuck. The est avg was bumped by ~10 miles of 50+ and the mile or so of 60+mph. I didn't have power for the ride (as you noted), so Strava had to consider that I was in a "normal" riding position, hence the added power filling in the speed gap between a normal position and the aero tuck.

Aero tucking at 60+ is a whole different kind of pucker. A crash in lycra at 65 mph is an extended stay in the hospital (or worse), and that crossed my mind a few times on that descent.
__________________
Cypress is offline  
Old 12-06-19, 02:47 PM
  #27  
firebird854
Senior Member
 
Join Date: Oct 2017
Location: Wisconsin
Posts: 581

Bikes: 2016 Specialized Tarmac Expert

Mentioned: 5 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 258 Post(s)
Liked 114 Times in 62 Posts
Originally Posted by burnthesheep
It's very regional dependent also. A Cat # in one region might be a somebody or a nobody in another region.

Power doesn't necessarily mean squat, but, for your #'s unless you weigh 55 kg I'd seriously check my power meter. Again, maybe regional, but you could probably TT for a win in our local 4/5 road race.

I've heard of people being eye watering strong on the bike, but not winning, but your #'s seem really really off for a 4/5 not being consistently top 5 or on the podium.

I could see a 4/5 having an hour power of a 4.3 or so hour power not winning. But not 4.8. I'm 70kg so that'd nearly be 330 for an hour. You could TT our local RR with that and they'd let you go.

Local guy lives a few houses down from me when he isn't off at college, he was a 4/5 super briefly with similar figures to yours and would just TT the local crit for the win. I didn't believe it, but checked out the Strava and sure enough........there's the finisher pic of him hammering solo across the line. Pan flat too.

But, for the original poster..........just suffer the workouts, do the hammer group rides, and go race. The charts and stuff are pointless.
Yea, I've had to point this out before, I weigh 61kg so 4.8 is really only around 285 watts, 5 minute power being around 340s. My best 5 second power is a paltry 817 watts, I'm also pretty darn scared around corners, descending, and in fast groups. In a typical race I'll stay near the front looking for breaks if there's any type of an incline, but on the twisty roads and descents I'll end up in the back pretty easily, then having to work my way back up to the front on the hills (exact opposite of what you actually want to do to correctly conserve energy). SO, in order for me to win a race it'll need to be an uphill finish (the longer the better), without any breaks going before me (unless I'm in that break). That's really it, downhill or flat finishes I'll get outsprinted easily and I can't solo breakaway without my FTP being in at least the 300s regardless of weight (I've tried...).

However, I'm lovin Zwift races!
firebird854 is offline  
Likes For firebird854:
Old 12-06-19, 03:04 PM
  #28  
WhyFi
Senior Member
 
WhyFi's Avatar
 
Join Date: Jan 2010
Location: TC, MN
Posts: 39,509

Bikes: R3 Disc, Haanjo

Mentioned: 354 Post(s)
Tagged: 1 Thread(s)
Quoted: 20801 Post(s)
Liked 9,448 Times in 4,666 Posts
Originally Posted by NicklesnDimes
I'd like to get an idea of how long it might take to get from say a Cat 5 to possibly a Cat 1.
Step 1: select your parents.
WhyFi is offline  
Likes For WhyFi:
Old 12-06-19, 04:23 PM
  #29  
MoAlpha
• —
 
Join Date: Jun 2015
Location: Land of Pleasant Living
Posts: 12,213

Bikes: Shmikes

Mentioned: 59 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 10147 Post(s)
Liked 5,840 Times in 3,144 Posts
Originally Posted by WhyFi
Step 1: select your parents.
Mine are dead, so you dodged that bullet.
MoAlpha is offline  
Old 12-06-19, 05:23 PM
  #30  
datlas 
Should Be More Popular
 
datlas's Avatar
 
Join Date: Dec 2007
Location: Malvern, PA (20 miles West of Philly)
Posts: 43,027

Bikes: 1986 Alpine (steel road bike), 2009 Ti Habenero, 2013 Specialized Roubaix

Mentioned: 560 Post(s)
Tagged: 2 Thread(s)
Quoted: 22571 Post(s)
Liked 8,918 Times in 4,152 Posts
Average Speed is a fool’s metric.
__________________
Originally Posted by rjones28
Addiction is all about class.
datlas is offline  
Old 12-06-19, 05:32 PM
  #31  
TMonk
Not actually Tmonk
 
TMonk's Avatar
 
Join Date: Jun 2007
Location: San Diego, CA
Posts: 14,082

Bikes: road, track, mtb

Mentioned: 140 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 2602 Post(s)
Liked 3,107 Times in 1,642 Posts
I've been getting into TT as of late... so even though I'm an experienced (cat 2) racer, my average speed is now increasing significantly .

For the record I generally agree with what has been posted in this thread - speed is secondary. So is fitness too - once you're fit enough to be a player, racing is more about how you apply yourself rather than the numbers you're hitting during training. To this end it can be hugely beneficial to be part of a concerted team with equally capable "players", but that doesn't really come into play until you cat up.
__________________
"Your beauty is an aeroplane;
so high, my heart cannot bear the strain." -A.C. Jobim, Triste
TMonk is offline  
Likes For TMonk:
Old 12-06-19, 05:43 PM
  #32  
MoAlpha
• —
 
Join Date: Jun 2015
Location: Land of Pleasant Living
Posts: 12,213

Bikes: Shmikes

Mentioned: 59 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 10147 Post(s)
Liked 5,840 Times in 3,144 Posts
Originally Posted by TMonk
I've been getting into TT as of late... so even though I'm an experienced (cat 2) racer, my average speed is now increasing significantly .

For the record I generally agree with what has been posted in this thread - speed is secondary. So is fitness too - once you're fit enough to be a player, racing is more about how you apply yourself rather than the numbers you're hitting during training. To this end it can be hugely beneficial to be part of a concerted team with equally capable "players", but that doesn't really come into play until you cat up.
So the big boys and girls say and I’m sure it’s true, but as we say in yacht racing, boat speed can make anyone look like a tactical genius.
MoAlpha is offline  
Likes For MoAlpha:
Old 12-06-19, 06:04 PM
  #33  
Voodoo76
Blast from the Past
 
Voodoo76's Avatar
 
Join Date: Mar 2005
Location: Schertz TX
Posts: 3,209

Bikes: Felt FR1, Ridley Excal, CAAD10, Trek 5500, Cannondale Slice

Mentioned: 5 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 222 Post(s)
Liked 66 Times in 43 Posts
Agree with quite a bit here, in the end it's how you take what you have & use it to race well.

If you want a simple number, for a long time riding a flat 40k under an hour was sort of a benchmark for entry level racers. That was back before all of the Aero stuff came along so was more of a 1:1 comparison over time. I think that's still reasonable and translates well to the age of power meters as it would put you a little north of 300W or 4 w/Kg for FTP. If you develop other skills that would be solid Cat 4 or 3.
Voodoo76 is offline  
Old 12-06-19, 06:46 PM
  #34  
berner
Senior Member
 
Join Date: May 2010
Location: Bristol, R. I.
Posts: 4,340

Bikes: Specialized Secteur, old Peugeot

Mentioned: 20 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 663 Post(s)
Liked 496 Times in 299 Posts
I read an article somewhere, once, that made the point that the main characteristic for success in an endurance sport is the capacity to recover. Once an athlete is fit enough to put in a significant effort it may be days before the body is recovered enough to repeat that effort. Consequently the capacity to recover governs the frequency of training efforts. Those who recover rapidly can then train harder and make greater advances in fitness.

I saw a video interview recently about a woman, Courtney Dauwalter, endurance racer who won the Moab 240 race. After running 240 hours or so, she beat the #2 finisher by 10 hours. This is enough time for a good meal and a good 8 hours of sleep. Running does not relate directly to cycling but training and recovery does. I'm too old to race but for you people who do, recovery is key. In the video I believe there is something to be learned. It is a long interview.
berner is offline  
Old 12-06-19, 07:02 PM
  #35  
woodcraft
Senior Member
 
woodcraft's Avatar
 
Join Date: Apr 2012
Location: Nor Cal
Posts: 6,016
Mentioned: 17 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 1814 Post(s)
Likes: 0
Liked 923 Times in 569 Posts
Originally Posted by Cypress
LOL. Who says 53x11 is dead???

In reality, I've got a heck of a good aero tuck. The est avg was bumped by ~10 miles of 50+ and the mile or so of 60+mph. I didn't have power for the ride (as you noted), so Strava had to consider that I was in a "normal" riding position, hence the added power filling in the speed gap between a normal position and the aero tuck.

Aero tucking at 60+ is a whole different kind of pucker. A crash in lycra at 65 mph is an extended stay in the hospital (or worse), and that crossed my mind a few times on that descent.


I got speed wobble going down Tioga pass at 45mph for a peak-pucker experience. Kinda makes my hands sweat thinking about 60+
woodcraft is offline  
Likes For woodcraft:
Old 12-06-19, 08:12 PM
  #36  
NicklesnDimes
Newbie
Thread Starter
 
Join Date: Dec 2019
Posts: 2
Mentioned: 0 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 2 Post(s)
Likes: 0
Liked 0 Times in 0 Posts
Yo word to all the replies. Very helpful information.
NicklesnDimes is offline  
Old 12-06-19, 09:07 PM
  #37  
woodcraft
Senior Member
 
woodcraft's Avatar
 
Join Date: Apr 2012
Location: Nor Cal
Posts: 6,016
Mentioned: 17 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 1814 Post(s)
Likes: 0
Liked 923 Times in 569 Posts
Originally Posted by berner
I read an article somewhere, once, that made the point that the main characteristic for success in an endurance sport is the capacity to recover. Once an athlete is fit enough to put in a significant effort it may be days before the body is recovered enough to repeat that effort. Consequently the capacity to recover governs the frequency of training efforts. Those who recover rapidly can then train harder and make greater advances in fitness.

I saw a video interview recently about a woman, Courtney Dauwalter, endurance racer who won the Moab 240 race. After running 240 hours or so, she beat the #2 finisher by 10 hours. This is enough time for a good meal and a good 8 hours of sleep. Running does not relate directly to cycling but training and recovery does. I'm too old to race but for you people who do, recovery is key. In the video I believe there is something to be learned. It is a long interview. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V8DfjXnIk6c


Her finishing time was 58 hours.


She said that the oldest finisher was 69, and the interviewer knows an 80 year old who recently did a 6 hour marathon.


Worth watching but editing out the parts about dogs eating chickens, etc. would have been OK.
woodcraft is offline  
Old 12-06-19, 09:45 PM
  #38  
blazin
Blazer of saddles, trails
 
Join Date: Dec 2016
Location: Inside the Beltway
Posts: 209
Mentioned: 1 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 115 Post(s)
Liked 33 Times in 25 Posts
Originally Posted by berner
I read an article somewhere, once, that made the point that the main characteristic for success in an endurance sport is the capacity to recover.
And recover between hard efforts during the course of a ride/race. Cycling tips had an interesting article a month or so ago that argued that the best GT riders didn’t necessarily improve their FTPs during the course of their careers, they improved how long they could hold FTP and how often and for how long they could surge over it.
blazin is offline  
Old 12-07-19, 12:09 AM
  #39  
bpcyclist
Senior Member
 
Join Date: Sep 2019
Location: Portland
Posts: 1,115
Mentioned: 10 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 451 Post(s)
Liked 364 Times in 227 Posts
Originally Posted by Voodoo76
Agree with quite a bit here, in the end it's how you take what you have & use it to race well.

If you want a simple number, for a long time riding a flat 40k under an hour was sort of a benchmark for entry level racers. That was back before all of the Aero stuff came along so was more of a 1:1 comparison over time. I think that's still reasonable and translates well to the age of power meters as it would put you a little north of 300W or 4 w/Kg for FTP. If you develop other skills that would be solid Cat 4 or 3.
Not a racer here, but just curious--over what sort of terrain would that 40K be ridden on? Couldn't that have a significant impact on the rider's time?
bpcyclist is offline  
Old 12-07-19, 01:44 AM
  #40  
colnago62
Senior Member
 
Join Date: Aug 2014
Posts: 2,433
Mentioned: 3 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 741 Post(s)
Liked 412 Times in 230 Posts
Originally Posted by caloso
Exactly. And when you start doing some focused training you'll notice that some of your hardest workouts have the lowest average speeds.


13.1 mph avg. speed on a flat course with no wind. 111w avg. power.

And absolutely wrecked.
This is why speed guys at the velodrome don’t really use power to train with. The data isn’t that useful. The numbers really don’t relate to the intensity of the workout.
colnago62 is offline  
Likes For colnago62:
Old 12-07-19, 06:38 AM
  #41  
WhyFi
Senior Member
 
WhyFi's Avatar
 
Join Date: Jan 2010
Location: TC, MN
Posts: 39,509

Bikes: R3 Disc, Haanjo

Mentioned: 354 Post(s)
Tagged: 1 Thread(s)
Quoted: 20801 Post(s)
Liked 9,448 Times in 4,666 Posts
Originally Posted by bpcyclist
Not a racer here, but just curious--over what sort of terrain would that 40K be ridden on? Couldn't that have a significant impact on the rider's time?
...

Originally Posted by Voodoo76
If you want a simple number, for a long time riding a flat 40k under an hour was sort of a benchmark for entry level racers.
WhyFi is offline  
Old 12-07-19, 08:17 AM
  #42  
Voodoo76
Blast from the Past
 
Voodoo76's Avatar
 
Join Date: Mar 2005
Location: Schertz TX
Posts: 3,209

Bikes: Felt FR1, Ridley Excal, CAAD10, Trek 5500, Cannondale Slice

Mentioned: 5 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 222 Post(s)
Liked 66 Times in 43 Posts
Originally Posted by colnago62
This is why speed guys at the velodrome don’t really use power to train with. The data isn’t that useful. The numbers really don’t relate to the intensity of the workout.
What? Perhaps the average speed doesn't relate, but pretty much every other number in caloso's power file relates directly to the high intensity of the workout. Track has always been power based in a more controlled way than the road. Flat course, progression of fixed gear & cadence. Using power meter numbers for Anaerobic development isn't quite as far along as TSS, TSB, etc but there is a lot of interesting work going on. FRC measurement and sprint stress tracking being a couple of examples.

Last edited by Voodoo76; 12-07-19 at 10:01 AM.
Voodoo76 is offline  
Likes For Voodoo76:
Old 12-07-19, 10:29 AM
  #43  
Hermes
Version 7.0
 
Hermes's Avatar
 
Join Date: Oct 2006
Location: SoCal
Posts: 13,118

Bikes: Too Many

Mentioned: 297 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 1338 Post(s)
Liked 2,473 Times in 1,448 Posts
Originally Posted by Voodoo76
What? Pretty much every other number in caloso's power file relates directly to the high intensity of the workout. 1's can be a puke fest Would agree using power meter numbers for anaerobic development isn't quite as far along as TSS, TSB, etc but there is a lot of interesting work going on. FRC measurement and sprint stress tracking being a couple of examples.
Word

And I train with power at the track as well and many of my friends do as well but it is better for post ride analysis. I do not look at the head unit during a 500 meter time trial it is too technical to do anything other than look at the line of the track and it is a max effort for the entire race. Now, at the end, I want to know my time, my 1/2 lap time and full lap start time. If I am doing flying 100 meter sprints I want to know my time. And if I am doing motor work, I will ask the motor operator for the speed. In general, most trackies mount their head units under the saddle which is UCI compliant for UCI racing.

If I am doing a similar workout on the road or track as Caloso I will review the power profile post ride or look at the Garmin after an effort to see what the average power was for the effort and see if I can raise on the next effort.

The left side of my power curve is defined by results in 500 meter track races. I do not come close on the road. In reality, I should split my tracking power into road and track.

I developed a speed, power and time simulator in Excel and verified the model at Velo Sports Center. It predicts pursuit times based upon various variables including power so it has an aero formulation in it. It is very useful for training and predicting speeds and times for various velodromes at different elevations and testing equipment.

If one does not have power at the track then one needs another person who is good with a stopwatch for time checks.

I also have a couple of track friends who use a simple speedometer and note the finishing speed of an effort and write it down in a log after each effort. And that can be indicative of performance and over long periods of time quite accurate to determine progress. So speed matters.
Hermes is offline  
Likes For Hermes:
Old 12-07-19, 11:34 AM
  #44  
caloso
Senior Member
 
caloso's Avatar
 
Join Date: Jul 2002
Location: Sacramento, California, USA
Posts: 40,865

Bikes: Specialized Tarmac, Canyon Exceed, Specialized Transition, Ellsworth Roots, Ridley Excalibur

Mentioned: 68 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 2952 Post(s)
Liked 3,106 Times in 1,417 Posts
Exactly. On 1’ and shorter intervals I collect the data but I’m not looking at power, just the clock.
caloso is offline  
Old 12-07-19, 11:40 AM
  #45  
woodcraft
Senior Member
 
woodcraft's Avatar
 
Join Date: Apr 2012
Location: Nor Cal
Posts: 6,016
Mentioned: 17 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 1814 Post(s)
Likes: 0
Liked 923 Times in 569 Posts
Originally Posted by Hermes
Word

And I train with power at the track as well and many of my friends do as well but it is better for post ride analysis. I do not look at the head unit during a 500 meter time trial it is too technical to do anything other than look at the line of the track and it is a max effort for the entire race. Now, at the end, I want to know my time, my 1/2 lap time and full lap start time. If I am doing flying 100 meter sprints I want to know my time. And if I am doing motor work, I will ask the motor operator for the speed. In general, most trackies mount their head units under the saddle which is UCI compliant for UCI racing.

If I am doing a similar workout on the road or track as Caloso I will review the power profile post ride or look at the Garmin after an effort to see what the average power was for the effort and see if I can raise on the next effort.

The left side of my power curve is defined by results in 500 meter track races. I do not come close on the road. In reality, I should split my tracking power into road and track.

I developed a speed, power and time simulator in Excel and verified the model at Velo Sports Center. It predicts pursuit times based upon various variables including power so it has an aero formulation in it. It is very useful for training and predicting speeds and times for various velodromes at different elevations and testing equipment.

If one does not have power at the track then one needs another person who is good with a stopwatch for time checks.

I also have a couple of track friends who use a simple speedometer and note the finishing speed of an effort and write it down in a log after each effort. And that can be indicative of performance and over long periods of time quite accurate to determine progress. So speed matters.


Butt units?
woodcraft is offline  
Old 12-07-19, 08:01 PM
  #46  
rubiksoval
Senior Member
 
Join Date: Nov 2015
Location: Music City, USA
Posts: 4,444

Bikes: bikes

Mentioned: 52 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 2622 Post(s)
Liked 1,429 Times in 711 Posts
I'll be a dissenting voice and say that speed does matter. Even though I was already a cat 1 by that point, when I started focusing on speed, really focusing, it helped. I started podiuming way more. I got in more breaks, and I won from more breaks. And the name of the game when you're trying to win from breaks is to go as fast as possible with as little effort as possible.
A lot of that speed revolved around position, but tube/tire choice and aero clothing and equipment also played a part.

As far as going from a cat 5 to a cat 1, your ability to get to the pointy end, stay there, and sprint will determine that more than any other single variable. Some guys do it in two years, some in 6-7, the vast majority never do it. I reckon a category a year is pretty solid, but the proliferation of events in your area and how many you do will have a big impact on upgrade speed. The more you race, the better you get at racing. As a junior, that means as many junior races followed by categorized races as you can do. Get the upgrade to 4 as soon as possible and do jr 17/18, cat 4/5, and cat 3/4 races. Look for something to learn in every single race, and figure out how to put yourself into position to win at the end.
rubiksoval is offline  
Likes For rubiksoval:
Old 12-07-19, 08:04 PM
  #47  
rubiksoval
Senior Member
 
Join Date: Nov 2015
Location: Music City, USA
Posts: 4,444

Bikes: bikes

Mentioned: 52 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 2622 Post(s)
Liked 1,429 Times in 711 Posts
Originally Posted by MoAlpha
but as we say in yacht racing, boat speed can make anyone look like a tactical genius.
Ha. So much this.

Have a 420 watt FTP and you can write the book on tactics at nearly every race you go to.
rubiksoval is offline  
Likes For rubiksoval:
Old 12-07-19, 08:28 PM
  #48  
colnago62
Senior Member
 
Join Date: Aug 2014
Posts: 2,433
Mentioned: 3 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 741 Post(s)
Liked 412 Times in 230 Posts
Originally Posted by Voodoo76
What? Perhaps the average speed doesn't relate, but pretty much every other number in caloso's power file relates directly to the high intensity of the workout. Track has always been power based in a more controlled way than the road. Flat course, progression of fixed gear & cadence. Using power meter numbers for Anaerobic development isn't quite as far along as TSS, TSB, etc but there is a lot of interesting work going on. FRC measurement and sprint stress tracking being a couple of examples.
There are several threads on the Track forum talking about power meters. The speed guys who are posting talk more about the importance of heart rate, cadence and lap time.There are some inherent problems with sprinting and most power meters in general because of the way they operate, which is why SRM power meters are the gold standard on the track because they use a magnet. Go to the track forum read what the track specialists have to say.

Last edited by colnago62; 12-07-19 at 08:32 PM.
colnago62 is offline  
Old 12-07-19, 08:38 PM
  #49  
Voodoo76
Blast from the Past
 
Voodoo76's Avatar
 
Join Date: Mar 2005
Location: Schertz TX
Posts: 3,209

Bikes: Felt FR1, Ridley Excal, CAAD10, Trek 5500, Cannondale Slice

Mentioned: 5 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 222 Post(s)
Liked 66 Times in 43 Posts
Originally Posted by colnago62
There are several threads on the Track forum talking about power meters. The speed guys who are posting talk more about the importance of heart rate, cadence and lap time.There are some inherent problems with sprinting and most power meters in general because of the way they operate, which is why SRM power meters are the gold standard on the track because they use a magnet. Go to the track forum read what the track specialists have to say.
Perhaps go back and read my comments in those threads. Getting a bit off topic here

Last edited by Voodoo76; 12-07-19 at 09:09 PM.
Voodoo76 is offline  
Old 12-08-19, 12:10 AM
  #50  
colnago62
Senior Member
 
Join Date: Aug 2014
Posts: 2,433
Mentioned: 3 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 741 Post(s)
Liked 412 Times in 230 Posts
Originally Posted by Voodoo76
Perhaps go back and read my comments in those threads. Getting a bit off topic here
Read what Carleton has said about power. He seems to be one who is extremely knowledgeable about its use in that particular venue.
colnago62 is offline  

Thread Tools
Search this Thread

Contact Us - Archive - Advertising - Cookie Policy - Privacy Statement - Terms of Service -

Copyright © 2024 MH Sub I, LLC dba Internet Brands. All rights reserved. Use of this site indicates your consent to the Terms of Use.