You can "weatherize" the bike somewhat.
Stainless brake/shift cables are reasonably cheap. I'm not sure about the housing, but make sure it is lined, and there aren't any cuts and scrapes. There are full synthetic, but expensive.
Wippermann makes stainless chains (although I'm not sure the pins are stainless).
Aluminum or titanium frames?
I always choose headsets where the "cup" is above the "cone". So they would tend to shed water.
At least mid-range and better parts will have more aluminum, stainless, and titanium bits and pieces which will help minimize rust.
Keep everything well lubed.
Eaves, a back porch, or covered patio can offer some protection.