Without venturing any idea as to what actually happened, it's noticeable that the chain is rubbing against one of the derailleur pulleys. One thing to try is to go all the way up and back down in gears, and see if it settles down. And also to watch closely what happens when you do so while turning the crank slowly by hand.
Is the chain also on the smallest chain ring in front? The "small-small" combination can be problematic on many bikes, and is usually avoided.