Several things work for me. Most of the time I just pay them no attention as all they do is just run along side and bark. They tire quickly if I'm doing any decent speed at all.
And for all the dogs I've stopped and come to a halt, they cease barking immediately and some act puzzled. Some come up and sniff me and I might rub them behind the ears or on the neck. Not the top of their head. I've been told that's a no-no for petting strange dogs.
I've never had a dog bite me whether on the bike or any other time. If I was bitten while riding as you describe, then I'd at least report it and file a complaint to the local sheriff. Might be nothing becomes of that, but if that dog and/or address acquires a history of such reports then it might help someone out in the future.