How are you applying the patches? Rough up the area with sand paper, use a generous amount of glue and let completely dry, apply patch without touching the adhesive side of the patch?
I would sweep my finger on the inside of the rim looking for anything sharp or a spoke protruding. I would note the position of the tube relative to the rim at the puncture site and investigate there
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Road 🚴🏾♂️ & Mountain 🚵🏾♂️