darkmoon

25th set bottom




look at it closely

darkmoon

It has 56 pages, without a table of contents.

Its transcription.





Dura-Ace 25th Anniversary





(p,6)





At Shimano, we’ve been working Dura-Ace road racing components for the last 25 years of our 80-year history.
We consider Dura-Ace more than just a group of bicycle parts.
It represents the continuing evolution of our advanced component technology serving the real needs of competitive cyclists.


When Dura-Ace was introduced to the European racing scene in 1973, the Tour de France was being held for the 60th time.
Legendary rides by great champions such as Fausto Coppi, Lucien(sic) Bobet, Jacques Anquetil, and Eddy Merckx were still fresh in the memories of millions of fans.
The name Shimano and Dura-Ace were unknown in the shadow of Campagnolo, an Italian company, whose name had become synonymous with bicycle components.





(p,8)





After twenty-five years of continuous development, Dura-Ace has become the group of choice for professional and amateur racing cyclists around the world.
The reason can be explained in two words … performance and reliability.

The latest version of Dura-Ace, the 7700-series components, were already winning races in their final prototype version.
The winners of the 1996 Olympic Road Race (Atlanta) and World Professional Championships rode prototype 7700 Dura-Ace.
Many stages of the 1996 Giro d’Italia were also won on Dura-Ace 7700 (PavloTonkov rode 7400-series components to the overall victory).
There is no tougher test of a bicycle and its components than Paris-Roubaix, know as the “Hell of the North”.
Riders from the Mapei team rode Dura-Ace 7700 to the top three places in the 1996 and 1998 Paris-Roubaix classic.


While Dura-Ace is setting new standards for performance, reliability, and racer-friendly functions, this isn’t end of the story.
Development will continue to make sure that Dura-Ace expresses the latest advances in Shimano component engineering which will bring the bicycle even closer to the cyclists.

darkmoon

I



The Dura-Ace Story … A History of Refinement





(p,12 left column)





1972

Known as a maker of serviceable light alloy components for sport and recreation bicycles,

Shimano sets up a product development program aimed at producing a world-class racing component group.



1973

The first generation Dura-Ace components are introduced.

They use the Crane derailleur, a precursor to the Dura-Ace model, which features Shimano’s double-pantagraph(sic) (dual-spring) design.

The components are first raced in Europe by the Belgium Flandria team whose members include we known cyclists Walter Godefroot and Freddy Maertens.

Out of the 12 teams competing in the Tour De France, 9 ride Campagnolo, 2 ride French components, and one team rides Shimano.

Late in the year Freddy Maertens fides a Dura-Ace bike to a cecond place finish in the World Road Championships.



1974

Shimano becomes a major sponsor of the Shimano Flandria and Shimano US-Pro teams.





(p,12 right column)





1972

Eddy Merckx (Belgium) wins the Tour De France for the fourth time, and the Giro d’Italia (Tour of Italy) for the second time, thus achieving the remarkable feat of double tour wins in two seasons.



1973

Eddy Merckx wins the Giro d’Italia.

Louis Ocana takes the Tour De France in a race marked by the absence of Merckx.



1974

Eddy Merckx wins the Tour De France for the fifth time and equals the record of Jacques Anquetil.



1975

Frenchman Bernard Thevenet wins the Tour De France, Italian Fausto Bertoglio the Giro d’Italia.

darkmoon

(p,14 left column)





1976

The Dura-Ace 10 components, featuring a new 10mm chain pitch standard, are introduced for track racing bikes.

Shimano-sponsored track racer John Nicholson of Australia captures the World Champion Match Sprint title.



1977

Shimano becomes a sponsor of the Winora team based in Switzerland.

Cees Stam, a Shimano-sponsored Dutch pro, captures the World Champion Demi-Fond title on a Dura-Ace equipped bike.



1978

The Dura-Ace EX component group is introduced with innovative features such as the Shimano freehub, 11-tooth high gear, and directional hub flanges which reduce spoke stress.

The freehub is an innovation that has since become the standard rear hub design for the entire industry.

While continuing sponsorship of the Winora team, the company also assumes sponsorship of the Belgian Superia, Dutch Bode-Shimano, and English Viscount-Shimano.



1979

Shimano continues sponsorship of the Superia, Bode-Shimano, and Cilo teams, and becomes a new sponsor of the Panasonic-Shimano team of the USA.





(p,14, right column)





1976

Felix[sic] Gimondi wins the Giro d’Italia.

Lucien Van Impe takes the Tour De France.



1977

Bernard Thevenet wins the Tour De France for the second time.



1978

Bernard Hinault takes the Tour De France in what will eventually become five Tour De France victories.



1979

Bernard Hinault wins the Tour De France for the second time.

darkmoon

(p,16 left column)





1980

The Dura-Ace AX components are introduced.

The group is based on an innovative new aerodynamic design theme.

AX introduction falls behind schedule and AX is met with little enthusiasm by the racing community.

Shimano Sponsors[sic] the Belgian IJSBOERKE team and Swiss Cilo team.



1981

Shimano continues sponsorship of the Cilo team and enters an additional sponsorship agreement with the Belgian-German Capri-Sonne team.



1982

Shimano begins sponsoring the Italian Famcuccine team.



1983

Shimano continues sponsorship of the Cilo team.





(p,16 right column)





1980

Bernard Hinault wins his first Giro d’Italia.

Dutchman Joop Zoetemelk wins the first Tour De France after finishing the race in second place six times.



1981

Bernard Hinault captures his third Tour De France victory.



1982

Bernard Hinault wins his fourth Tour De France and also dominates the Giro d’Italia.



1983

Frenchman Laurent Fignon wins the Tour De France while also capturing the “best new rider” jersey.

darkmoon

II



The unlimited Challenge





(p,20 left column)





By the end of 1983, Dura-Ace had ten years of experience on the European circuit, experience that was invaluable in the development of the next generation of Dura-Ace components.

Realizing that there was much room for improvement in conventional racing components whose design was dictated more by tradition than the real needs of the racer, Shimano set out to develop an all-new Dura-Ace group.

Engineers and designers used the code name “the unlimited challenge” for the new Dura-Ace project.



1984

The new 7400 Dura-Ace components are introduced.

Offering innovative features such as shifting and super-low friction brakes (which would soon evolve into the Shimano Linear Response system), the 7400 components provide advanced functions that give the Dura-Ace rider a competitive advantage.

The group represents a major step forward in racing component design.

Shimano resumes sponsorship of the Swiss Cilo team.



1985

The new Dura-Ace track 7600 components are introduced.

Shimano continues sponsorship of the Cilo team.



1986

Shimano sponsors the Italian Gis team.



1987

Shimano sponsors the Toshiba-Look team from France and the American 7-Eleven team.





(p,20 right column)





1984

Frenchman Laurent Fignon wins the Tour De France for the second time.



1985

Bernard Hinault wins the Tour De France and Giro d’Italia.

His fifth Tour De France win and two double tour winds equal the achievement of Eddy Merckx.



1986

The Tour De France enters a new international era as Greg Lemond becomes the first American to win the famous stage race.



1987

Irishman Stephen Roche wins both the Tour De France and the Giro d’Italia.

darkmoon

(p,22 left column)





1988

The Dura-Ace 7400 series is upgraded with the introduction of the Integrated 8, the new 8-speed drive train components.

American Andy Hampsten of the 7-Eleven team wins the Giro d’Italia on prototype 8-speed Dura-Ace equipped bike.

Shimano increases its sponsorship activities with the TVM team from Holland, the Italian Chateau d’Ax and Carrera teams, the French Toshiba-Look team, and the American 7-Eleven team.



1989

Andy Hampsten and three TVM riders (including Australian Phil Anderson who took the best new rider jersey in the 1982 Tour De France) test prototype versions of the Dual Control Lever, HG sprockets, and dual-pivot brake.

Shimano continues sponsorship of the TVM, Chateau d’Ax, Carrera, and Toshiba-Look teams.



1990

After being tested during the 1989 season, the new STI Dual Control Lever is introduced as a standard component of the Dura-Ace group.

Recognized as setting a new standard in shifting convenience, it becomes the signature component of Dura-Ace.

Shimano becomes a sponsor of the Panasonic team in addition to continuing sponsorship of TVM, Chateau d’Ax, Carrera, and the Toshiba-Look teams.



1991

Shimano continues sponsorship of the TVM, Chateau d’Ax, Carrera, and Toshiba-Look teams.





(p,22 right column)





1988

Spaniard Pedro Delgado wins the Tour De France.

American Andy Hampsten takes the Giro d’Italia.



1989

American Greg Lemond wins the Tour De France for the second time.

Laurent Fignon of France takes overall 1st in the Giro d’Italia.



1990

Greg Lemond wins the Tour De France for the third time.

Gianni Bugno of Chateau d’Ax the first Italian to win the Giro d’Italia in four years.

Rudi Dhaenens wins the world road race.



1991

Spaniard Miguel Indurain begins his Tour De France winning streak.

Gianni Bugno captures the World Road Champion title.

darkmoon

(p,24 left column)



1992

Shimano changes its sponsorship line-up to include the American Motorola team, the Dutch TVM team, the Italian Chateau d’Ax and Ariostea teams, and the French Castorama and Histor-Novemail teams.



1993

The Dura-Ace group is upgraded with the addition of the new FC-7410 low-profile crank and FD-7410 front derailleur which offers greater rigidity for improved shifting response.

Shimano-sponsored teams include Motorola, TVM, the Italian Gatorade and Chateau d’Ax teams, Castorama, and Histor-Novemail.



1994

Shimano-sponsored teams include Motorola, TVM, Polti and Mapei from Italy, Castorama, and Histor-Novemail.



1995

Shimano-sponsored teams include Motorola, TVM, Polti, Mapei, and ONCE (Spain).





(p,24 right column)





1992

Miguel Indurain wins his second Tour De France along with the Giro d’Italia.

Gianni Bugno takes his second consecutive World Championship Road title.



1993

Miguel Indurain dominates European cycling with his third consecutive Tour De France win and his second consecutive Giro d’Italia.

American Lance Armstrong of the Motorola team wins the World Champion[sic] Road title on Dura-Ace.



1994

Unstoppable Miguel Indurain takes his fourth consecutive Tour De France win.

Polti’s Luc Leblanc comes in first in the World Road Championships riding a Dura-Ace equipped bike.



1995

Miguel Indurain makes history with five consecutive Tour De France wins.

Mapei’s Tony Rominger captures the Giro d’Italia while teammate Abraham Olano wins the World Road Championship.

Olano’s victory is the 5th consecutive year that the professional road champion is riding Dura-Ace.

darkmoon

III



Performance without Compromise





(p,28)





Dura-Ace 7700 Series



Dura-Ace took another leap forward with the appearance of the new 9-speed components in 1996.

300 production prototype groups were prepared for the Mapei, Polti, TVM, and Festina teams who would begin testing the components in the 79th Tour of Italy (which would start in Athens, Greece for the first time in its history).

After three weeks of racing, the 7700 components successfully completed their first test under fire.

Later in the year, when Pascal Richard won the Olympic Road Race, the top ten places were all riding on prototype 7700!











Johan Museeuw followed several months later with the first World Professional Road Championships won on Shimano’s new ultra lightweight 9-speed.

Laurent Brochard and Oscar Camenzind repeated this success in 1997 and 1998.

The major improvements in the 7700 group took the form of a 500g weight reduction (partially due to hollow forged crank arms), greater rigidity of all components, improved control response through more precise shifting and braking mechanisms, and a new 9-speed drive train.

Dura-Ace 7700 provided a higher level of component performance and was enthusiastically endorsed by who rode it.

darkmoon

(p,30)



The Development Process





The development of the 7700 Dura-Ace group was based on years of real world racing experience coupled with Shimano’s expertise in component engineering and biomechanical research.

Data gathered form Shimano-sponsored teams was[sic] carefully analyzed to establish the initial guidelines on which development of the group would be based.

From this point prototypes were hand fabricated, test ridden in the field, and extensively machine tested in the lab to determine if the new designs met the developmental requirements.

The process from initial conception to production prototype took approximately one year.

darkmoon

(p,32)





Tooling Fabrication





A component group is only as good as the manufacturing process behind it.

Shimano is a recognized industry leader in hot and bold forging processes.

This technology is supported by advanced die fabrication techniques which assure a high level of precision in the tooling used to manufacture Dura-Ace.

darkmoon

(p,34)





Forging





Dura-Ace components are precision cold forged from high-grade aluminum alloys.

Cold forging increases the density and strength of the alloy by coherently aligning metal fiber patterns along formed contours.

The result is a forged piece that’s actually stronger than the original material, a quality which is especially important for highly stressed components such as crank arms and brake calipers.





Welding





The hollow Dura-Ace cranks arms are formed through cold forging and welding processes.

The use of welding robots assures more uniform heat dispersion and weld penetration than could be achieved by hand, even by a skilled welder.

An exceptionally high-quality weld is the result.

darkmoon

(p,36)





Machining, Polishing, Assembly





While robots are used for some of the machining and assembly processes, there are certain jobs that still must be done by skilled craftsmen to insure quality.

As would be expected, Dura-Ace demands the greatest number of hand finishing, assembly, and inspection operations of any Shimano component group.

The components are even polished by hand to mirror-like finish.



After assembly, the appearance and operation of every Dura-Ace component is carefully checked.

For example, the shifting action of each Dual Control Lever is carefully examined, and crank arms are CT scanned for possible internal flaws that can’t be detected with a visual inspection.

Through each stage of the process, skilled personnel make sure that each and every Dura-Ace component meets stringent inspection standards.

darkmoon

(p,38)





In this way, each Dura-Ace component is born from a synthesis of component development experience, advanced manufacturing technology, and traditional craftsmanship.

It all aims as one goal… helping the racing cyclists to compete at their full potential.

darkmoon

IV





People & Dura-Ace





(p,42)





People and Dura-Ace





The Dura-Ace component group isn’t just the result of technological know-how, but of the input provided by a wide range of people who love bicycles.

At Shimano it’s the product planners, designers, test riders, quality control technicians, and manufacturing engineers who often face impossible schedules.



It’s also the racing cyclists and team mechanics who depend on Dura-Ace every day as a tool of their trade.

Dura-Ace has evolved from the experiences of people, the setbacks and triumphs of people who love the sport of competitive cycling.

darkmoon

(p,44)





Freddy Hydens (former Flandria team mechanic)





Twenty five years of Dura-Ace!

I have mixed feelings about that season 25 years ago when our Flandria team rode the first Dura-Ace group.

To be honest, we did have some problems.

Those first Dura-Ace components were difficult to install and adjust, and the chains kept coming off!

It seemed like the riders never stopped complaining about the group.

As a machanic, I can’t say that my experience with the original Dura-Ace group was a good one.



At the same time, however, I was excited about being part of Shimano’s effort to break into the European racing circuit.

I was impressed by Shimano’s attitude.

They were very eager to hear criticism of the components from the mechanics and riders.

They knew the group would only be a success if it satisfied the people who used it.



Unfortunately, the Flandria team broke up two years after the Dura-Ace debut, so it’s been quite a while since I‘ve worked with Dura-Ace.

But I still remember very distinctly Shimano’s keen efforts to learn as much as they could in order to further develop the group.

There’s no need for me to say what’s happened to Dura-Ace since then.

I think that all of the Flandria riders from that time get a little nostalgic when they think about their experiences testing the original Dura-Ace group.



Now I am the team mechanic of Lotto Team and still bicycle fan.

I’m happy to see that Shimano’s passion and attitude of challenging conventional ideas is permanent.

Dura-Ace is sure to keep getting better and better as a result.

Congratulations on the 25th anniversary of the Dura-Ace group!

darkmoon

(p,45)





Hiroshi Nakamura (Director – Shimano Bicycle Museum)





I was sent to Europe as a mechanic just a year after I started working at Shimano.

My first impression was finding myself in a fascinating new world where I couldn’t communicate!

However I was more worried about how Dura-Ace would perform than I was about my personal predicament.



The Flandria Carpenter team from Belgium was the first to be sponsored by Shimano.

At that time most racing bikes were equipped with Campagnolo, so I remember feeling quite lucky to be associated with Dura-Ace during it’s first European appearance.

Flandria was the first team to ride Dura-Ace in Europe, and we were under a lot pressure for the group to perform well.



MY first impression of a European road race was one of complete mayhem.

It was not uncommon for components, Campagnolo and Shimano, to break, or to see riders bend their handle bars in the fury of the race.

I remember the beating that our Crane derailleurs took at Paris-Roubaix, a grueling early season classic known as “The Hell of the North.”

I was surprised at the level of professionalism shown by the team mechanics, and impressed by the care they took in setting up those derailleurs.

Team mechanic Fredy Hydens made a special effort to improve his English so I could communicate with him.

His kindness in making me feel part of the team is the mark of a true professional.



I always associate the European debut of Dura-Ace with the 1973 World Championships.

Two top Flandria riders, Belgians Walter Godefroot and Freddy Maertens, were in that race along with countryman Eddy Merckx.

Maertens and Merckx led the goal sprint but Maertens wasn’t able to beat the famous Italian Felice Gimondi to the line.

I was sorry to see Maertens ride so well and only get second, but I was glad to see Dura-Ace finish so high in it’s world championship debut.

darkmoon

(p,46)





Yoshikazu Cho (former track racer and Dura-Ace development group leader)





After I retired from track racing, I worked as a mechanic for the Koga Miyata team in Europe for six months.

They were riding the new aerodynamic Dura-Ace AX group that came out in 1980.

Pedals were breaking and we had other problems that put a lot of stress on us mechanics.

However, this experience became invaluable for me later on after I joined Shimano and became leader of the Dura-Ace 7400 development group.

I think that the introduction of the 7400 series in 1984 was a milestone not only for Dura-Ace but for the entire company.



After the problems with the Dura-Ace AX group, it was in a mood of crisis that we started work on new Dura-Ace 7400 system on an very tight schedule.

For me the timing was perfect because I had just returned from Europe.

The whole company was behind our efforts as we began development of the innovative functions for which the Dura-Ace would become known.

At that time we were all on edge.

We didn’t even know how the Shimano Index System would be received by the market.

Looking back, I think that if we didn’t have the challenge of coming up with a new Dura-Ace group in that do-or-die environment, Shimano wouldn’t exist as we know it today.



The 7400 components were developed from the standpoint of function rather than appearance, but we also new[sic] that the group had to offer visual appeal as well.

We made sure that all the components were as compact as possible and had simple shapes with smooth contours that would look good on any racing bike.

This “look” has been the hallmark of Dura-Ace ever since.





Being so closely involved in the development of the 7400 components was a stressful but exciting period in my life.

I’m especially grateful to Yozo Shimano, then head of our product development section, for giving me such a large share of the responsibility.





I don’t work for Shimano any more, but I have many fond memories from the time when I was working on Dura-Ace.

It was a “high energy” experience for me.

darkmoon

(p,47)





Phil Anderson (former TVM, Motorola team member)





My first knowledge of the development of the Dura=Ace Dual Control Lever was in the spring of 89’[sic] at the Tour of Italy.

I was riding with the Dutch TVM team who[sic] had been using Shimano components since I joined in 1988.

TVM had good relationship with Shimano and had already helped test the STI system.

I walked out to the team mechanics truck one day to discuss gears for the next stage.

I found five or six people standing around a bike that had rather bizarre looking brake levers.

I was promptly introduced to Mr. Masahiko Jimbo, a Shimano project engineer[sic]

Mr. Jimbo explained that the levers were early prototype of a system that would eventually revolutionize the sport, and asked if I would like to give them a try around the parking lot.

I was a little skeptical at first, but after a couple of shifts I began to get the idea.



That was all I saw of the new components until a couple of months later towards the end of the season.

It was in Gent, Belgium, again in a hotel parking lot, where I met Jimbo with a more refined prototype than before.

He saw that I was intrigued and asked if I would mind training a little on the bike to give him and his crew some feed-back.

I remember Jimbo following me on a motor scooter during my training rides so he could get a first hand idea of the frequency of gear changes.



It was not long until I was able to give the system a real test in the Tour of Ireland.

Those levers crated a bit of a stir with peloton skeptics who saw them as a novelty and not much else.

But wen we came to those steep little hills in the south they were obviously surprised at how easily I could change gears out of the saddle and during sprints.

I noticed that they took the system a lot more seriously after I won a couple of stages.



Since those days in the late 1980’s through my Motorola years I’ve remained friends with Jimbo and have had a good relationship with the people at Shimano.

I now feel a certain amount of pride at being the first person to ride the Dual Control Lever in a race.

darkmoon

(p,48)





Johan Museeuw (professional cyclist)





If you want to win a bike race you have to ride with the leaders.

It’s as simple as that.

But being fast doesn’t guarantee that you’ll win because other things can happen to you.

Your bike can break, the weather can make problems, or freak accidents can knock you out of the race or put you in back.



Bike racing is like a lottery because there are so many things that can prevent you from winning no matter how strong your legs are.

You win when everything comes together, when you’re riding fast, when your bike is working properly, and when nothing goes wrong.



What I look for in a bike is light weight and reliability.

For example, a shift lever, no matter how well it’s been designed, is worthless unless it keeps working well race after race.

That’s reliability.

I’ve ridden Dura-Ace and have found the group to be very reliable.

Dura-Ace group has been steadily lightened over the years which is something that bike racers appreciate.

I’m glad that Shimano has managed to reduce the weight without affected performance and reliability.

This is one reason I’ve come to trust Dura-Ace.



Bicycle racers often complain and demand performance from their bikes which is not yet possible.

I’ve noticed that Shimano is always willing to listen to what I have to say about their components, even when I complain.

I like the fact that there’s always someone from Shimano around that I can talk to about the bike.





Dura-Ace is becoming better and better, so I look forward to riding it in the years to come.

darkmoon

(p,49)





Gianni Bugno (professional cyclist)





I have a unique way of looking at bicycles.

A good bicycle and its components are beautiful things to me.

I’m not just talking about the appearance, but also about how the frame and components show the dreams of the people who made them.

The way the brake lever feels in your hand, even the way the bolts on the derailleur look … it’s an expression of somebody’s love for the bicycle.

This may sound strange, but when I touch the components I feel as if I’m communicating with the people who made them.

This is especially true about the Dura-Ace Dual Control Lever.



Cycling has been my life, and Dura-Ace has been a big part of it.

I always wanted to be a bike racer, and I remember Dura-Ace from many years ago when I was young.

My first racing bike had Dura-Ace.

At that time many people said if you’re serious about racing you shouldn’t use Japanese components.

However, I liked Dura-Ace right from the start.



I was happy when Dura-Ace began to appear on bikes that won big races.

I think that Dura-Ace did much to teach the cycling world about Shimano and Japan, and that Shimano could make a real contribution to the sport.

I’m happy to see that Dura-Ace has become a respected name in the racing community.





Professional racers have been riding Dura-Ace for well over 20 years now.

As I have steadily improved as a cyclist, Dura-Ace has improved the same way.

We’re both better and stronger now.

Thank you Dura-Ace and Shimano.

darkmoon

(p,52)





Greetings,





1998 marks the 25th anniversary of the Dura-Ace component group, a very happy occasion here at Shimano.



In bicycle racing, athletic performance is very closely linked to equipment performance.

Racing cyclists can’t reach their full potential unless their bicycles also provide the highest levels of quality, reliability, and performance.

This is the ultimate purpose of Dura-Ace, “performance without compromise”.



The success of Dura-Ace is not the result of Shimano’s efforts alone.

The contributions made by professional cyclists, team mechanics, and road cycling enthusiasts, as well as our distributors and retailers, have played a vital role in the development of Dura-Ace over the last 25 years.

It is to all these people that we express our gratitude.



When we first put Dura-Ace on the market, we knew that experience in competition, especially on the European road racing circuit, was essential if Dura-Ace was to develop into a viable road racing component group.

We also knew that Dura-Ace could only succeed if it answered the real needs of professional racing cyclists.

Therefore we made it our policy to steadily refine the group as our technology advanced and our racing experience increased.



The turning point for Dura-Ace came in 1984 with the introduction of the 7400 series with SIS, which was increasingly accepted by professional racing teams in Europe.

The experience we gained after 12 years of racing and refining the 7400 series in Europe was applied to the development of the 7700 series with 9-speed, which was introduced in 1996.

The 7700 components firmly established Dura-Ace as the group of choice for professional cyuclists.



This 25th anniversary has special meaning for us because it marks the evolution of Dura-Ace into a world-class component group that has set new standards for quality and performance.

The development of Dura-Ace will never stop.

As long as there are athletes challenging human limits, Dura-Ace will also continue to challenge the limits of performance.







Yoshizo Shimano

President, Shimano Inc.

smd4

Wow! Thank you so much Darkmoon! That took a lot of work to do. This is a great resource…I don’t believe the contents of that booklet can be found anywhere online except here.

Props to Shimano for mentioning Campagnolo. And also owning up to AX’s failings.

darkmoon

you are welcome, smd4
yeah, a lot work, but I didn't need to translate it into Japanese for friends, lol.
I'm going to bed, good night.

darkmoon

My favorite YouTube vids, from GCN.
Battle-scared Colnago C40 and Dura-Ace 7700
They are very attractive.