Go Back  Bike Forums > Bike Forums > Bicycle Mechanics
Reload this Page >

Did I damage my new carbon frame ?!

Notices
Bicycle Mechanics Broken bottom bracket? Tacoed wheel? If you're having problems with your bicycle, or just need help fixing a flat, drop in here for the latest on bicycle mechanics & bicycle maintenance.

Did I damage my new carbon frame ?!

Old 06-25-21, 09:30 AM
  #26  
bblair
Senior Member
 
Join Date: Aug 2007
Location: Columbus, Ohio
Posts: 749

Bikes: Lynskey R230, Trek 5200, 1975 Raleigh Pro, 1973 Falcon ,Trek T50 Tandem and a 1968 Paramount in progress.

Mentioned: 1 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 376 Post(s)
Liked 387 Times in 231 Posts
The first ding on a new bike or car is actually quite liberating. You now have a used bike so go out and enjoy yourself. You will get worse chips from flying road debris and when your bike invariably falls over in the parking lot when you weren't careful.

Or.....you could do like I did: get a titanium frame with no paint and never worry again.
bblair is offline  
Likes For bblair:
Old 06-25-21, 11:59 AM
  #27  
vane171
Senior Member
 
Join Date: May 2020
Posts: 490
Mentioned: 0 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 252 Post(s)
Liked 67 Times in 48 Posts
You can do the tap test on the opposite side of the chainstay tube but as has been said, most likely it is just a cosmetic damage. The tapping could just detect the paint surface tension which has been compromised in just that spot, maybe 1/8" area it might have lost adhesion to the CF, which itself is very likely undamaged.

For peace of mind, I'd put on drop of clear lacquer (that you can get in any car autobody supermarket section) to seal potential hairline cracks right where the dent is, so moisture can't penetrate the paint and ride it without worry.
vane171 is offline  
Likes For vane171:
Old 06-25-21, 12:15 PM
  #28  
hokiefyd 
Senior Member
 
hokiefyd's Avatar
 
Join Date: Feb 2017
Location: Northern Shenandoah Valley
Posts: 4,138

Bikes: More bikes than riders

Mentioned: 36 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 1443 Post(s)
Liked 759 Times in 568 Posts
Originally Posted by vane171
The tapping could just detect the paint surface tension which has been compromised in just that spot, maybe 1/8" area it might have lost adhesion to the CF, which itself is very likely undamaged.
This is what I was thinking as well. With the localized contour of the paint different in that area, and given a small enough detection device (small enough bar to tap with), it's almost certainly picking up that difference in the density or other physical characteristic of the paint. I would think that damage to carbon fiber (a material that, by definition, gets its strength from a collection of fibers weaved together over a certain distance) would be much less localized than just the one very tiny paint spot. In other words, true structural damage would probably be detectable over a larger area.
hokiefyd is offline  
Likes For hokiefyd:
Old 06-25-21, 01:33 PM
  #29  
SoSmellyAir
Method to My Madness
 
Join Date: Nov 2020
Location: Orange County, California
Posts: 3,638

Bikes: Trek FX 2, Cannondale Synapse, Cannondale CAAD4, Santa Cruz Stigmata GRX

Mentioned: 4 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 1938 Post(s)
Liked 1,460 Times in 1,011 Posts
Originally Posted by Mosman12
come on I was just joking !!! I wouldn’t lose him over anything.

I really don’t care about the paint chip at all even the bike is new. My concern was only and only the integrity of the carbon structure as the amount of force was so high when he hit the chainstay , imagine spinning a crankset without a chain to check how many rotation it can go till it stop (bearing test), and you didn’t think that the tool in your hand will hit the bike, he give it all his force that’s why I am worried not a simple paint chip , it’s a bike and it will get chips and scratches and I can live with that.
Sorry, it is hard to tell if someone is joking on the Internet. In my humble and unlearned opinion, I doubt that the structural integrity of the frame is compromised. The impact may have sounded loud, but the tool that hit the frame was light weight and the distance to impact was low, meaning that your friend did not have much time (over that short distance) to accelerate the tool to hit the chain stay with that much force. (Force = Mass x Acceleration.) If you are concerned, you can put your lips on the chain stay at that spot and suck on it to see if it is still air tight or whether the tool has penetrated the surface. Yes, I am just kidding.

Last edited by SoSmellyAir; 06-25-21 at 01:37 PM.
SoSmellyAir is offline  
Likes For SoSmellyAir:
Old 06-25-21, 02:11 PM
  #30  
Mosman12
Junior Member
Thread Starter
 
Join Date: May 2021
Posts: 22
Mentioned: 0 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 13 Post(s)
Liked 4 Times in 4 Posts
Originally Posted by hokiefyd
This is what I was thinking as well. With the localized contour of the paint different in that area, and given a small enough detection device (small enough bar to tap with), it's almost certainly picking up that difference in the density or other physical characteristic of the paint. I would think that damage to carbon fiber (a material that, by definition, gets its strength from a collection of fibers weaved together over a certain distance) would be much less localized than just the one very tiny paint spot. In other words, true structural damage would probably be detectable over a larger area.
Originally Posted by SoSmellyAir
Sorry, it is hard to tell if someone is joking on the Internet. In my humble and unlearned opinion, I doubt that the structural integrity of the frame is compromised. The impact may have sounded loud, but the tool that hit the frame was light weight and the distance to impact was low, meaning that your friend did not have much time (over that short distance) to accelerate the tool to hit the chain stay with that much force. (Force = Mass x Acceleration.) If you are concerned, you can put your lips on the chain stay at that spot and suck on it to see if it is still air tight or whether the tool has penetrated the surface. Yes, I am just kidding.
Originally Posted by bblair
The first ding on a new bike or car is actually quite liberating. You now have a used bike so go out and enjoy yourself. You will get worse chips from flying road debris and when your bike invariably falls over in the parking lot when you weren't careful.

Or.....you could do like I did: get a titanium frame with no paint and never worry again.
Originally Posted by vane171
You can do the tap test on the opposite side of the chainstay tube but as has been said, most likely it is just a cosmetic damage. The tapping could just detect the paint surface tension which has been compromised in just that spot, maybe 1/8" area it might have lost adhesion to the CF, which itself is very likely undamaged.

For peace of mind, I'd put on drop of clear lacquer (that you can get in any car autobody supermarket section) to seal potential hairline cracks right where the dent is, so moisture can't penetrate the paint and ride it without worry.
I took another look and noticed with a flash light a shadow hairline scratch (not sure if it is a crack or not) just next to the initial impact point and running along the chainstay. Any thoughts if we are looking at anything more than a paint chip ?

Mosman12 is offline  
Old 06-25-21, 03:40 PM
  #31  
cxwrench
Senior Member
 
cxwrench's Avatar
 
Join Date: Jul 2013
Location: Nor-Cal
Posts: 3,767

Bikes: lots

Mentioned: 7 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 1958 Post(s)
Liked 2,932 Times in 1,489 Posts
Go. Ride. Your. Bike.
cxwrench is offline  
Likes For cxwrench:
Old 06-25-21, 03:53 PM
  #32  
Iride01 
I'm good to go!
 
Iride01's Avatar
 
Join Date: Jul 2017
Location: Mississippi
Posts: 14,931

Bikes: Tarmac Disc Comp Di2 - 2020

Mentioned: 51 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 6163 Post(s)
Liked 4,782 Times in 3,300 Posts
If you live close by or somewhere between here and Denver, I'll pick it up and ride it a few years and let you know if it's a problem to worry about. I can return it on a subsequent trip if my son doesn't move elsewhere.

Seriously though, you have two choices, ride it and watch for further issues, like the current "maybe it's a crack" actually becomes a crack. Or take it to a carbon fiber bike repair place.

Okay, maybe there is a third option, just don't ride.
Iride01 is online now  
Old 06-25-21, 04:04 PM
  #33  
squirtdad
Senior Member
 
squirtdad's Avatar
 
Join Date: Jul 2006
Location: San Jose (Willow Glen) Ca
Posts: 9,829

Bikes: Kirk Custom JK Special, '84 Team Miyata,(dura ace old school) 80?? SR Semi-Pro 600 Arabesque

Mentioned: 106 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 2336 Post(s)
Liked 2,804 Times in 1,532 Posts
Originally Posted by Mosman12
I took another look and noticed with a flash light a shadow hairline scratch (not sure if it is a crack or not) just next to the initial impact point and running along the chainstay. Any thoughts if we are looking at anything more than a paint chip ?

I am not a huge fan of carbon, but even I don't think it is that fragile.

based on all the posts I don't think you are ever going to be comfortable with a carbon frame. If you worry about every chip, you will never enjoy the bike
I suggest getting a nice steel frame, whether vintage (vintage steel and modern gear is a great combo) or new (they are out there)
Sell the current frame, show the buyer the chip full disclosure and take 50 bucks off.

or talk to one of the frame repair companies, but I think that no matter what your are always going to be not comfortable with carbon
__________________
Life is too short not to ride the best bike you have, as much as you can
(looking for Torpado Super light frame/fork or for Raleigh International frame fork 58cm)



squirtdad is offline  
Old 06-25-21, 04:37 PM
  #34  
gearbasher
Senior Member
 
gearbasher's Avatar
 
Join Date: May 2009
Location: Sitting on my butt in front of a computer
Posts: 1,555
Mentioned: 15 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 450 Post(s)
Liked 879 Times in 376 Posts
My guess: After the Allen hit, it slid along the face of the stay and put a light scratch in the top coat.
gearbasher is offline  
Likes For gearbasher:
Old 06-25-21, 08:35 PM
  #35  
vane171
Senior Member
 
Join Date: May 2020
Posts: 490
Mentioned: 0 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 252 Post(s)
Liked 67 Times in 48 Posts
That's also what I thought of that light scratch. Also could have been there due to another prior handling.

The OP could also take a close up picture with camera at macro setting and with as high resolution he can get, under different lighting from a lamp, a flashlight or with camera flash and under different angles (camera flash at close distance doesn't always work well). Close up pics take few tries to come out good but if you manage, they show what you can't quite see with your eyes. On the other hand, such macro pics can scare you, things that looked so nice when looked at with your eyes all of sudden reveal themselves full of dust and scratches.
vane171 is offline  
Old 06-25-21, 10:10 PM
  #36  
Atlas Shrugged
Senior Member
 
Join Date: Mar 2010
Posts: 1,655
Mentioned: 7 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 1242 Post(s)
Liked 1,318 Times in 671 Posts
Originally Posted by Mosman12
I took another look and noticed with a flash light a shadow hairline scratch (not sure if it is a crack or not) just next to the initial impact point and running along the chainstay. Any thoughts if we are looking at anything more than a paint chip ?

For the third time now. Sell the bike, you are the wrong person for a carbon bike. How can you reasonably expect to actually leave the house and ride this bike, lean it against things, pack it for a trip, place in a bike rack and yes eventually drop it. No amount of everyone telling you to just ride the dam thing will put you at ease.
Atlas Shrugged is online now  
Old 06-26-21, 12:28 AM
  #37  
Camilo
Senior Member
 
Join Date: Apr 2007
Posts: 6,760
Mentioned: 10 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 1109 Post(s)
Liked 1,200 Times in 760 Posts
Originally Posted by squirtdad
I am not a huge fan of carbon, but even I don't think it is that fragile.

based on all the posts I don't think you are ever going to be comfortable with a carbon frame. If you worry about every chip, you will never enjoy the bike
I suggest getting a nice steel frame, whether vintage (vintage steel and modern gear is a great combo) or new (they are out there)
Sell the current frame, show the buyer the chip full disclosure and take 50 bucks off.

or talk to one of the frame repair companies, but I think that no matter what your are always going to be not comfortable with carbon
I agree. With the small amount of force caused by a light weight crank, spinning at a relatively slow speed for a short distance, and a light weight tool involved (I'm no engineer or physicist, but that's how I would analyze the impact).... how can the OP possibly tolerate the rocks thrown up by his tires and/or accompanying cyclists or passing cars. Or less than gentle leaning against the wall or car, or.... Dings happen. this is a ding.
Camilo is offline  
Old 06-26-21, 02:43 AM
  #38  
Mosman12
Junior Member
Thread Starter
 
Join Date: May 2021
Posts: 22
Mentioned: 0 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 13 Post(s)
Liked 4 Times in 4 Posts
Originally Posted by gearbasher
My guess: After the Allen hit, it slid along the face of the stay and put a light scratch in the top coat.
Originally Posted by vane171
That's also what I thought of that light scratch. Also could have been there due to another prior handling.

The OP could also take a close up picture with camera at macro setting and with as high resolution he can get, under different lighting from a lamp, a flashlight or with camera flash and under different angles (camera flash at close distance doesn't always work well). Close up pics take few tries to come out good but if you manage, they show what you can't quite see with your eyes. On the other hand, such macro pics can scare you, things that looked so nice when looked at with your eyes all of sudden reveal themselves full of dust and scratches.
Originally Posted by Camilo
I agree. With the small amount of force caused by a light weight crank, spinning at a relatively slow speed for a short distance, and a light weight tool involved (I'm no engineer or physicist, but that's how I would analyze the impact).... how can the OP possibly tolerate the rocks thrown up by his tires and/or accompanying cyclists or passing cars. Or less than gentle leaning against the wall or car, or.... Dings happen. this is a ding.
Took some macro shots. I think the line is where the Allen key slid along the chainstay after impact. In the point of impact I already see tiny bits of carbon exposed, just cover up with lacquer ?











Mosman12 is offline  
Old 06-26-21, 05:21 AM
  #39  
Chuck M 
Happy With My Bikes
 
Chuck M's Avatar
 
Join Date: Sep 2020
Location: Oklahoma
Posts: 2,174

Bikes: Hi-Ten bike boomers, a Trek Domane and some projects

Mentioned: 2 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 875 Post(s)
Liked 2,297 Times in 1,109 Posts
Originally Posted by Mosman12
it’s my first carbon bike and honestly I am hesitated to ride it with the horror stories that I read online.
One of my other hobbies is home brewing beer. Before I started brewing I was bored and curious about it one evening and came across an internet forum for home brewing. The stories of everything that could go wrong with a batch made me think brewing would be a PITA and I moved on. Some time later I attended a clinic at a local home brew shop and saw exactly how easy it is. It turns out, the home brew forum is full of people regurgitating what they have read about the possible bad things that can happen but had no first hand experience. I think this is pretty much what happens with posts about possible carbon fiber damage. What home brewers eventually learn to do is RDWHAHB, relax, don't worry, have a home brew. Don't let people's anecdotal evidence make you nervous as a hooker in church with a $10 date outside.

FWIW, I don't have a carbon fiber frame, but I have a carbon fiber fork. The appearance of the scuff from laying it down at approximately 20 mph and the scratch from it falling over while washing it bother me more than possible structural damage.

RDWRYB, relax, don't worry, ride your bike.
__________________
"It is the unknown around the corner that turns my wheels." -- Heinz Stücke

Chuck M is offline  
Likes For Chuck M:
Old 06-26-21, 12:40 PM
  #40  
bOsscO
bOsscO
 
bOsscO's Avatar
 
Join Date: May 2006
Location: Vancouver
Posts: 746

Bikes: 2024 Spec Crux, 2015 Norco Search S1, 93 Mongoose IBOC COMP

Mentioned: 0 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 296 Post(s)
Liked 355 Times in 212 Posts
While scrolling twitter this morning I found this pic of Steven Kruijswijk Cervelo that he rode the TdF with today. He'd crashed (along with tons of other GC contenders) and damaged his bike. But he managed to get back on it and finish the stage...looking like this.
I know it's just one example (albeit an extreme example) but maybe it can help put the OPs mind at ease. Carbon is stronger than you think.

Last edited by bOsscO; 06-26-21 at 12:44 PM.
bOsscO is offline  
Likes For bOsscO:
Old 06-26-21, 01:13 PM
  #41  
Atlas Shrugged
Senior Member
 
Join Date: Mar 2010
Posts: 1,655
Mentioned: 7 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 1242 Post(s)
Liked 1,318 Times in 671 Posts
Originally Posted by Mosman12
Took some macro shots. I think the line is where the Allen key slid along the chainstay after impact. In the point of impact I already see tiny bits of carbon exposed, just cover up with lacquer ?











We are now fully in troll category and time for me to check out. Hope you had fun exploiting people who had good intentions and wanted to help a fellow cyclist.

Last edited by Atlas Shrugged; 06-26-21 at 03:22 PM.
Atlas Shrugged is online now  
Likes For Atlas Shrugged:
Old 06-29-21, 11:18 AM
  #42  
Erzulis Boat 
Le Crocodile
 
Erzulis Boat's Avatar
 
Join Date: Oct 2005
Location: Santa Barbara Calif.
Posts: 1,873
Mentioned: 4 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 367 Post(s)
Liked 771 Times in 311 Posts
Carbon bikes are strong! I have carbon MTB race bikes that get smacked by rocks super hard. Still fine.
Erzulis Boat is offline  
Old 06-29-21, 12:24 PM
  #43  
tendency
Full Member
 
Join Date: Jul 2008
Posts: 451
Mentioned: 6 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 236 Post(s)
Liked 171 Times in 104 Posts
that's why you have two chainstays worst case scenario it cracks while riding. no biggie it wont cause a catastrophic chain reaction death crash.

i had a buddy who's carbon MTB chainstay snapped while bombing a downhill run - he barely noticed it just said the back wheel felt a little funky. later, after a couple beers he noticed the drive side stay was cracked clean through. sucks for the frame but you're not going to hurt yourself if it fails.
tendency is offline  
Old 06-30-21, 07:30 PM
  #44  
IntraVol
Junior Member
 
Join Date: Jun 2021
Posts: 6
Mentioned: 0 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 1 Post(s)
Likes: 0
Liked 1 Time in 1 Post
If you saw the condition of my carbon chain stay on my Izalco Max you would literally die then.
IntraVol is offline  
Old 07-01-21, 09:21 AM
  #45  
xiaoman1 
Senior Member
 
xiaoman1's Avatar
 
Join Date: Mar 2014
Location: City of Angels
Posts: 4,868

Bikes: A few too many

Mentioned: 42 Post(s)
Tagged: 1 Thread(s)
Quoted: 1360 Post(s)
Liked 2,176 Times in 1,181 Posts
Lot's of bandwidth used on this.....take it to your LBS that has a lot of Carbon and ask them to take a look at it....the net will only be as good as...well the net, nothing really definitive without actually viewing it in person.
Please visit a shop that can tell you more about the "damage" in order to set your mind at ease.....My best advice.
Ben
__________________
"EVERY PERSON IS GUILTY OF ALL THE GOOD THEY DID NOT DO"
Voltaire

Voice recognition may sometimes create odd spelling and grammatical errors



xiaoman1 is offline  
Old 07-01-21, 10:18 AM
  #46  
spelger
Senior Member
 
spelger's Avatar
 
Join Date: Jul 2015
Location: reno, nv
Posts: 2,296

Bikes: yes, i have one

Mentioned: 2 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 1134 Post(s)
Liked 1,179 Times in 686 Posts
practically need a microscope to see it. i don't have one yet but i find it funny how everyone freaks out about carbon.

EDIT: ok, maybe not everyone.

Last edited by spelger; 07-01-21 at 10:26 AM.
spelger is offline  
Old 07-01-21, 11:40 AM
  #47  
Eric F 
Habitual User
 
Eric F's Avatar
 
Join Date: Jan 2020
Location: Altadena, CA
Posts: 7,932

Bikes: 2023 Niner RLT 9 RDO, 2018 Trek Procaliber 9.9 RSL, 2018 Storck Fascenario.3 Platinum, 2003 Time VX Special Pro, 2001 Colnago VIP, 1999 Trek 9900 singlespeed, 1977 Nishiki ONP

Mentioned: 5 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 4913 Post(s)
Liked 8,014 Times in 3,791 Posts
I have 3 CF bikes. All of them have deeper dings than that, and I have 100% confidence in their structural integrity. My 20+ year old MTB is pretty beat up, with multiple dings that expose the raw CF material under the paint. It rides just as solid as it did when it was new.

CF composite material is carbon fibers buried in epoxy resin. For the material to break, you would need to crack the resin and snap the fibers. You can beat the hell out of the paint and still have complete structural integrity of the composite material. The tiny ding in the pics is a bummer because it's a blemish on a new frame, but it's a LONG way from being structural damage. Go ride your bike.
__________________
"Swedish fish. They're protein shaped." - livedarklions
Eric F is online now  
Likes For Eric F:
Old 07-01-21, 11:45 AM
  #48  
Eric F 
Habitual User
 
Eric F's Avatar
 
Join Date: Jan 2020
Location: Altadena, CA
Posts: 7,932

Bikes: 2023 Niner RLT 9 RDO, 2018 Trek Procaliber 9.9 RSL, 2018 Storck Fascenario.3 Platinum, 2003 Time VX Special Pro, 2001 Colnago VIP, 1999 Trek 9900 singlespeed, 1977 Nishiki ONP

Mentioned: 5 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 4913 Post(s)
Liked 8,014 Times in 3,791 Posts
Originally Posted by Mosman12
In the point of impact I already see tiny bits of carbon exposed...
No, you don't. Even if you did, a tiny bit of exposed CF composite isn't a structural issue. It doesn't leak out.
__________________
"Swedish fish. They're protein shaped." - livedarklions
Eric F is online now  
Old 07-06-21, 03:19 PM
  #49  
Mad Honk 
Senior Member
 
Join Date: May 2019
Location: Bloomington, IN
Posts: 2,936

Bikes: Paramount, Faggin, Ochsner, Ciocc, Basso

Mentioned: 115 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 1296 Post(s)
Liked 1,885 Times in 1,132 Posts
Mosman,
I deal with CF everyday. I am a Golf Equipment Professional and about 90% of the golf shafts are made of CF. I have picked out a specimen that was the tip section of a failed carbon fiber tube. This one was a $400 golf shaft so higher end CF. I intentionally rubbed some of the paint down to the CF underneath with a file. And have pictures of what failure looks like in carbon fiber. From what I have seen in all of you pictures, there is no damage other than cosmetic. The golf shaft breakage in this case was the club being slammed and smashed by a closing trunk. The yield strength of CF is pretty high, a normal golf shaft goes through the impact speeds of over 100 mph every time the CF club is used. Here are some pictures:

The paint is scratched down to the CF which is a black color underneath the paint. There is no damage to the carbon fiber. The paint removal does not damage the fibers underneath.

This is what damaged CF looks like. Note the shards of carbon fibers sticking out from the damaged section.

This is a close up of the damaged CF showing the layers or plies of the CF as it was produced.
I trust this was helpful in understanding CF damage for you. Smiles, MH
Mad Honk is online now  
Likes For Mad Honk:
Old 07-06-21, 04:08 PM
  #50  
shelbyfv
Expired Member
 
shelbyfv's Avatar
 
Join Date: Jun 2007
Location: TN
Posts: 11,492
Mentioned: 37 Post(s)
Tagged: 0 Thread(s)
Quoted: 3646 Post(s)
Liked 5,378 Times in 2,730 Posts
Have you considered wrapping the stay with some epoxy tape, just for peace of mind?

shelbyfv is offline  

Posting Rules
You may not post new threads
You may not post replies
You may not post attachments
You may not edit your posts

BB code is On
Smilies are On
[IMG] code is On
HTML code is Off


Thread Tools
Search this Thread

Contact Us - Archive - Advertising - Cookie Policy - Privacy Statement - Terms of Service -

Copyright © 2024 MH Sub I, LLC dba Internet Brands. All rights reserved. Use of this site indicates your consent to the Terms of Use.